Lithium Plating-Aware Fast Charging Control via Control Barrier Functions

Fast charging of lithium-ion batteries is essential for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), but it introduces safety risks such as over-temperature and lithium plating (LP). This paper presents a novel fast charging algorithm based on Control Barrier Functions (CBFs) to mitigate these risks while ensuring computational efficiency. The proposed method leverages an extended equivalent circuit model (eECM) to predict battery behavior and enforce constraints on anode potential, temperature, state of charge (SoC), and terminal voltage. In contrast with Model Predictive Control (MPC)-based approaches, which require iterative optimization solvers, our CBF formulation provides an analytical solution, significantly reducing computational complexity. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the CBF-based approach achieves safety and performance levels comparable to MPC while requiring substantially less computation time.