Photodynamic therapy in dermatology: Recent advances and clinical applications

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established dermatologic treatment with proven efficacy in precancerous and oncologic skin conditions. Recent innovations in photosensitizers, light delivery systems, and treatment protocols have expanded its clinical applications into inflammatory and infectious dermatoses. Objectives: This review aims to summarize recent advances in photodynamic therapy, highlighting established and emerging indications, technological innovations, and safety considerations in dermatology. Material and Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted to identify publications from 2015 to 2025 related to PDT in dermatology. Relevant studies were analyzed to provide an overview of clinical applications, efficacy, and safety. Results: PDT remains highly effective for actinic keratosis, Bowen’s disease, and superficial basal cell carcinoma, with cosmetic outcomes superior to destructive modalities. Advances such as daylight PDT, fractional laser-assisted PDT, and nanoparticle-based formulations have improved tolerability and broadened clinical applicability. Expanding indications include acne vulgaris, rosacea, viral warts, and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Safety is generally favorable, with pain and transient erythema as the most common adverse effects. Conclusion: PDT represents a versatile, effective, and cosmetically favorable treatment option in dermatology. Ongoing innovations in photosensitizers and light delivery, alongside real-world clinical data, will help refine its role and expand its future applications.