A Contrastive Analysis of Passive Markers in Japanese and Thai: Factors Influencing the Use of the Passive

Abstract This paper analyzes passive markers in Japanese, -(r)are- , and Thai, thùuk/dōon , focusing on factors influencing passive use, a previously underexplored topic. It examines similarities and differences between the languages, noting Japanese’s broad adaptability of passive forms across different verbs, unlike the more constrained use in Thai. The study also highlights unique Japanese factors such as adherence to an animacy hierarchy, self-projection, subject continuity, and intransitive-like functions, contrasted with verb-specific restrictions and conveyance of unique meaning in Thai.