Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Men and Women Before and After 1 Year of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery: Contributions to SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being)

Objective: This study analyzed and compared risk factors for cardiovascular disease between men and women before and one year after bariatric and metabolic surgery. Theoretical Framework: Obesity is a chronic disease defined by the excessive accumulation of body fat, and bariatric surgery is regarded as the most effective intervention for achieving sustained weight reduction in individuals with obesity. Method: Twelve obese women and eight obese men who underwent laparoscopic gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy participated in the study. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference (AC), conicity index (CI), and dietary intake 7 days before and one year after surgery were assessed. Results and Discussion: The results showed significant reductions in body weight, BMI, and AC in both sexes after one year of surgery (p<0.001), with no statistical differences between them (p>0.05). However, CI did not show significant changes after surgery in either sex (p>0.05). Total caloric, carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake in both sexes decreased significantly after one year of surgery (p<0.001). There was a reduction in the portions of proteins, grains and cereals, oils and fats, sugars, and sweets after one year of surgery (p<0.001). In contrast, the portions of vegetables and fruits increased after bariatric surgery (p<0.05). Research Implications: Continuous multidisciplinary follow-up is essential to prevent weight regain and to maintain long-term benefits. Originality/Value: These findings provide new insights into the effects of bariatric and metabolic surgery on fat distribution in both sexes one year after the intervention.