Distribution of soil microbial communities across agricultural land-Use types in Gyeong-buk Province

Soil microbial communities can vary greatly in their diversity and composition depending on land-use type, but there has been little research comparing different agricultural land-use types in Korea.This study evaluated the impact of different agricultural land-use types (paddy, upland, orchard, and greenhouse) on soil microbial communities in Gyeong-buk Province, South Korea.A total of 100 soil samples were collected and subjected to DNA sequencing targeting bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal ITS regions to assess microbial richness, diversity, and community composition.Alpha diversity analysis revealed that bacterial richness (Chao1, ACE) was higher in uplands and orchards, while paddy soils showed the highest bacterial and fungal diversity (Shannon, Inverse Simpson), indicating more balanced microbial communities.In contrast, greenhouses exhibited the lowest richness and evenness for both bacteria and fungi, likely due to intensive agricultural practices.Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) demonstrated distinct microbial community structures across land-use types, with bacterial communities showing clearer separation.PERMANOVA confirmed significant differences in community composition (bacteria R 2 = 0.732; fungi R 2 = 0.399; p < 0.001).At the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria dominated bacterial communities, while Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota were predominant in fungi.These patterns reflect the influence of soil moisture, organic matter, and management practices on microbial structure.These results provide clear evidence that land-use type affects soil microbial diversity and composition.