Competence and control beliefs in three cultures: a German personality test applied at home, in Kenya and Poland

The intra- and intercultural usability of the measure are questioned, while potential advancements are given with the social and fatalistic aspects of the underlying construct. Given the greater significance of these control beliefs in non-Western cultures, a more detailed examination of their allocation (internal, external, or both) is warranted. An embedment in a more comprehensive, transculturally applicable personality theory is discussed.