Development of a Generic Bio-Interface for Immuno-Biodetection on an Oxide Surface Targeting Pathogen Bacteria

With the increase in contamination by microbial agents (bacteria, viruses, etc.) in the fields of agri-food, healthcare, and environment, it is necessary to detect and quantify these biological elements present in complex fluids in a short time with high selectivity, high sensitivity, and, if possible, moderate cost. Acoustic wave biosensors, based on immuno-detection, appear to meet a certain number of these criteria. In this context, we are developing a generic antibody-based biointerface that can detect a wide range of pathogenic bacterial agents using a specific bioreceptor. Based on the silane-oxide chemistry, the process is transferable to any kind of surface that can be either oxidized in surface or activated with O₂-plasma, for instance. For this proof of concept, we have chosen to develop our biointerface on titanium and lithium niobate surfaces. The development of the biointerface consists of grafting antibodies via a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) composed of an aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and a linker (phenylene diisothiocyanate, PDITC). Two functionalization routes were tested for grafting APTES: in anhydrous toluene followed by a heating step at 110 °C or in chloroform at room temperature. The results obtained on titanium show comparable grafting efficiency between these two routes, allowing us to consider the transposition of the route at room temperature on lithium niobate. The latest route was chosen for fragile materials that do not require the heating steps necessary when using toluene for grafting aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Different surface characterization techniques were used, such as IR spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle (WCA), to verify the successful grafting of each layer. Biodetection experiments in static conditions were also carried out to demonstrate the specificity of pathogenic detection, testing an ideal medium with solely bacteria, with no other food sampling nutrients. This paper demonstrates the successful elaboration of a biointerface using APTES as the first anchoring layer, with chloroform as a mild solvent. The process is easily transferable to any kind of fragile surface. Moreover, following anti-<i>L. monocytogenes</i> antibodies, our biointerface shows a specificity of capture in static mode (at a concentration of 10⁷ CFU/mL for an incubation time of 4 h at 37 °C) of up to 98% compared to a species negative control (<i>E. coli</i>) and up to 85% in terms of strain specificity (<i>L. innocua</i>).