Tailoring polyethersulfone membranes with polycitrate for controlled transdermal delivery of azithromycin to enhance therapeutic potential

This study explores the development and application of polycitrate-modified membranes for controlled drug delivery. The synthesis of polycitrate was achieved through the self-condensation of citric acid, confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, which indicated successful polymerization. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a two-layered membrane structure with a dense top-layer and porous sub-layers. The incorporation of polycitrate increased porosity (from 39.48 % to 64.81 %) and hydrophilicity, enhancing pore formation and drug release. Membranes with 1.5 wt. % polycitrate (M4) showed the best performance, achieving a release of 455 mg/L of azithromycin, with a zero-order release mechanism ensuring a steady rate. The optimal membrane thickness for drug release efficiency was found to be 300 µm, effectively balancing storage capacity with release characteristics. Evaluations confirmed the membranes' reusability and stability through 10 cyclic loading and sterilization processes. The increased water vapor transmission rates indicated their suitability as wound dressings, promoting an optimal healing environment. Additionally, improvements in tensile strength and controlled degradation highlight the potential of these membranes for advanced drug delivery systems. Overall, polycitrate-modified membranes emerge as a promising solution for transdermal drug delivery in clinical applications.