W.O.N. As One: A Whole of Nation Approach to Philippine Maritime Defense Strategy

This study explores the evolving landscape of Philippine maritime security through the lens of Executive Order No. 70, which institutionalizes the Whole-of-Nation Approach (WONA) to national security. As an archipelagic state with extensive maritime boundaries, the Philippines faces complex internal and external threats, particularly in the West Philippine Sea. Drawing on historical and structural analysis, the research examines the role of the state in shaping maritime defense strategies, the effectiveness of inter-agency coordination, and the integration of civil society and private sector actors. The study employs a mixed-methods design, combining documentary analysis, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Findings reveal that while WONA offers a promising framework for inclusive governance and strategic resilience, its implementation is hindered by bureaucratic fragmentation, resource constraints, and geopolitical pressures. The paper concludes with policy recommendations aimed at enhancing institutional capacity, fostering regional cooperation, and aligning maritime security with socioeconomic development goals.