Evaluating the impact of visual training on athletic performance: a systematic review of key interventions (2012–2022)

Purpose Visual skills are fundamental for athletic performance, yet studies present mixed evidence regarding the efficacy of visual training, with variations in methodologies and sport-specific applicability contributing to the ongoing debate. This systematic review evaluated various visual training interventions on athletes’ performance from 2012 to 2022. Methods A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive search across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane (2012–2022) using terms such as ‘visual training’, ‘sports vision’, and ‘cognitive-motor training’ identified 24 eligible randomised controlled trials based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results Fourteen distinct visual training programs were analysed, with Quiet Eye Training, Stroboscopic Training, and 3D-MOT Training being the most frequently investigated. Quiet Eye Training improved accuracy, gaze control, and stress regulation. Stroboscopic Training enhanced visuomotor coordination, although its effects on visual perception varied. 3D-MOT Training improved the ability to track multiple moving objects, particularly benefiting dynamic sports such as soccer. However, not all programs yielded significant performance gains, emphasising the importance of sport-specific training approaches. Conclusions A key limitation was the variation in study designs and outcomes, which hindered direct comparisons. This review highlights the potential of visual training to improve athletic performance and underscores the need for future research with standardised protocols, larger sample sizes, and stronger emphasis on sport-specific applications and individual differences among athletes.