Green synthesized nanoparticles: revolutionizing surface modification for enhanced dental implant osseointegration

Background. The use of nanoparticles for the surface modification of dental implants has emerged as a promising strategy to improve osseointegration. However, conventional nanoparticle synthesis methods often involve toxic chemicals, high energy consumption, and potential biocompatibility concerns. In contrast, green synthesis employs biological sources – such as plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae – offering an environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative. Materials and methods. This narrative review examined literature published between 2015 and 2024, retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A total relevant studies were selected based on inclusion criteria focusing on the green synthesis of nanoparticles and their application in dental implant surface engineering. The review highlights the role of biological sources as reducing and their influence on physicochemical properties critical to implant integration. Results. Green-synthesized nanoparticles, including AgNPs, AuNPs, TiO₂, ZnO, CaO, and hydroxyapatite (HAp), demonstrate enhanced antimicrobial activity, increased cell adhesion and proliferation, and improved osteogenic potential. Biological entities not only simplify the synthesis process but also influence nanoparticle size, morphology, and stability, directly impacting their interaction with osteoblasts and surrounding bone tissue. Conclusion. Green synthesis represents a viable and sustainable approach to nanoparticle production, aligning with clinical safety standards and environmental goals. Although promising in preclinical studies, further standardization, toxicological evaluation, and long-term clinical trials are essential before widespread clinical adoption. This approach aligns with global efforts toward sustainable biomedical innovation.