The neurobiology of suicidal ideation: an integrative review

Introduction: The research question guiding this study is: What are the main neurobiological mechanisms associated with suicide, and how can pharmacological interventions influence these mechanisms to reduce suicidal ideation and behavior? The objective of this integrative review is to synthesize the evidence on the relationship between neurobiological factors and suicidal ideation, using a meta-analysis approach to quantitatively evaluate the available data. Methodology: The search was refined to include only free access articles, totaling sixty-seven studies, and clinical studies addressing the issue, resulting in seven articles analyzed. Inclusion criteria included the selection of empirical studies that evaluated the relationship between neurobiological factors and SI, ensuring that the research focused on direct evidence on the topic. Results and Discussion: Deficits in the excitation-inhibition balance in the anterior insula are associated with suicide risk, which is different from symptoms of depression. Therefore, it is suggested that SI may have distinct neurobiological underpinnings from depression, indicating a specific psychopathological effect. The model suggests that the interaction between neurotransmitters and hormones, as well as the social and environmental context (represented by the error ), may contribute to the risk of SI, and the sum of the influences of these factors can be used to predict risk dynamically over time. Conclusion: This model represents an advance in the understanding of suicidal ideation and in the development of prevention and intervention strategies. Continued research is essential to reduce the impact of suicide on society.