Associations between ultra-processed food consumption and food literacy in preadolescents

This study aims to evaluate the associations between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and food literacy in students aged 10 to 13, considering food literacy competencies by age, gender, and preferences. The study was conducted in public schools in Arequipa, Peru, using a quantitative cross-sectional design. Data collection took place from December 2023 to January 2024, involving 203 preadolescents recruited through social media and in-person surveys. A validated structured questionnaire assessed the frequency of ultra-processed food consumption and food literacy levels. The internal consistency of the instrument was confirmed using McDonald’s Omega coefficient (Ω = 0.83). Statistical analyses, including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Spearman’s correlation coefficient, were performed using RStudio. Results indicate that higher ultra-processed food consumption correlates with lower food literacy (ρ = − 0.33, p < 0.001). Girls demonstrated greater internalization of food literacy competencies, particularly in personal care, while both genders struggled with functional competence, suggesting challenges in interpreting product labels. These findings emphasize the need to enhance nutritional habits and food literacy in preadolescents, highlighting gender-based strategies to optimize nutritional outcomes and overall well-being. Future research should explore factors influencing food preferences and strengthen health and well-being through educational programs.