RESEARCH ASPECTS OF BALNEOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS - REGIONAL DIFFERENCES AND CARE PATHWAYS IN HUNGARY

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) pose a growing public health and economic challenge in Hungary, particularly in light of demographic aging and the rising prevalence of chronic diseases. These disorders significantly impair quality of life and workforce productivity. Hungary's rich balneotherapy resources offer unique opportunities for both prevention and treatment. However, access to spa treatments remains uneven across regions. The aim of this study is to explore the prevalence and regional distribution of musculoskeletal disorders and to assess the utilization of publicly subsidized spa treatments. The research seeks to map care pathways and highlight systemic inequalities in access to musculoskeletal care services. Data from three key sources—the Central Statistical Office (HCSO), the National Health Insurance Fund (NEAK), and spa service providers—were analyzed. The study uses longitudinal (1999–2023) and regional comparative methods to assess GP-reported MSD cases, rheumatology specialist visits, and subsidized balneological treatments. The number of MSD patients has tripled over two decades, reflecting both an aging population and increased disease awareness. GP and specialist records show growing demand, but spa utilization has declined in several regions, with stark territorial disparities. Budapest and the Northern Great Plain region dominate in service usage, likely due to historical infrastructure and service availabili ty. The data indicate a systemic mismatch between need and access, especially in peripheral regions such as Szabolcs-SzatmárBereg County. While spas are essential to the treatment of MSDs, limited accessibility hinders equitable care. To reduce regional disparities, targeted health policy measures are needed. These include infrastructure development, expansion of publicly funded treatments, and prevention campaigns promoting physical activity. Improving equitable access to spa treatments may contribute to healthier aging and sustained labor market participation. Future research should investigate the effectiveness of spa treatments by patient group and explore ways to integrate balneotherapy more firmly into national prevention strategies.