The influence of AI-driven personalized foreign language learning on college students’ mental health: a dynamic interaction among pleasure, anxiety, and self-efficacy

The findings provide empirical insights into the interaction mechanisms among mental variables in AI-supported learning. They suggest that AI-driven systems should integrate emotional regulation mechanisms-such as adaptive feedback, personalized emotional support, and social interaction functionalities-to enhance learners' mental experiences and sustain learning persistence. This study contributes to the optimization of AI-driven personalized learning models, supports the design of intelligent educational technologies, and strengthens mental health protection for foreign language learners.