Deploying small modular reactors in newcomer countries: Adapting the IAEA milestones approach and the way forward

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are expected to be instrumental in achieving global nuclear expansion targets by 2050 and advancing energy transition objectives. Their compact size, lower power output, flexible financing models, accelerated construction timelines, and diverse applications make them attractive options for rapidly developing SMRs. However, the successful deployment of SMRs necessitates a tailored adaptation of the International Atomic Energy Agency's (IAEA) well-established Milestones Approach, originally designed for large nuclear power plants (LNPPs). The IAEA Milestones Approach, comprising three phases and three milestones focused on the 19 infrastructure development issues, provides a structured framework for LNPP deployment over a typical 10–15 years period, reflecting the scale, complexity, and financial magnitude of such mega projects. This study evaluates the applicability of that framework to SMRs' specific needs and proposes necessary adjustments to reflect their unique characteristics. Using a combination of mastering and similarity approaches, comparative adaptation and scaling techniques, current SMR licensing and construction records, case studies, and expert judgments, this research recommends a construction timeline of 7–10 years for first-of-a-kind (FOAK) SMRs in newcomer countries. However, it would take shorter timeline for advanced nuclear nations. For Nth-of-a-Kind (NOAK) reactors, deployment may take up to five years in both newcomer and advanced nuclear countries. The estimated timeframe and associated narratives of the 19 infrastructure development issues for SMRs deployment can provide as a basis for effective planning and conceptualization, and can be customized to align with the unique requirements of each country. The paper also depicts the current status and deployment challenges faced by SMR-implementing countries, offering practical insights and policy considerations to facilitate a faster and more effective global rollout of SMR technologies.