Ethosome-based delivery of betanin and curcumin for improved anti-inflammatory efficacy

Natural phytoconstituents such as betanin and curcumin have attracted interest for their significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Their therapeutic efficacy is notably constrained by inadequate bioavailability and reduced skin permeability. The current study developed an ethosome-based gel system for the delivery of betanin and curcumin, with the objective of improving transdermal penetration and providing sustained anti-inflammatory effects. Ethosomes were formulated by cold method and optimised for physicochemical characteristics including particle size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency. The optimised formulation exhibited a mean particle size of 202.8 nm, a zeta potential of -56.4 mV and high entrapment efficiencies of 80% for betanin and 85% for curcumin. The characterisation using SEM and FT-IR confirmed the successful encapsulation and structural integrity of the ethosomes. The ethosomal gel demonstrated an optimal pH of 6.5, pseudoplastic viscosity and superior spreadability, making it appropriate for topical use. <i>In vitro</i> diffusion studies demonstrated a sustained release profile lasting 8 h. Skin irritation tests confirmed its biocompatibility. The <i>in vivo</i> anti-inflammatory efficacy was assessed in rats by utilising carrageenan model of inflammation, results showed that ethosomal gel significantly attenuated inflammation in animals. These findings indicate that the ethosome preparation represents a promising approach for enhancing anti-inflammatory efficacy.