The discussion on the differences in immune microenvironment between low-risk and high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia

This review aims to examine differences in the immune microenvironment between low-risk and high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Furthermore, it explores the impact of immune cell imbalance, abnormal cytokine levels, and stromal cell impairment on disease progression and prognosis. Additionally, the review analyzes the immune mechanisms underlying the transformation of high-risk MDS to AML. These findings provide valuable insights for both prognostic stratification of MDS by means of immune markers and the development of targeted therapies for AML.