Morphological Traces of Population Change in the Carpathian Basin (1st–13th Century <scp>CE</scp>)

The results suggest population continuity in some cases (e.g., Early-Late Avar, Conquest-Árpádian Age), but also highlight evidence of population restructuring, particularly among males. Recent genetic research supports these findings, indicating patrilineal descent and local kinship cohesion within Avar communities. This study underscores the value of the integration of cranial morphometrics with multivariate statistical approaches to reconstruct complex demographic histories in early medieval Central Europe.