Ribonuclease‐Based Immunotoxins as Anticancer Agents

Ribonucleases (RNases) represent a distinct category of nucleases that facilitate RNA degradation into smaller components. These enzymes are particularly adept at dismantling RNA strands and other materials. A promising strategy for the targeted treatment of cancer cells involves the administration of antibody-based toxic agents designed to eliminate tumor cells specifically. These poisonous agents may include synthetic small-molecule drugs or cytotoxic proteins known as immunotoxins (ITs). ITs are defined by their dual structure, comprising a receptor-targeting element and a cytotoxic component, which may be derived from RNase sourced from plants, bacteria, fungi, or humans. When RNases are used as IT, they can trigger cell cycle arrest or interfere with vital cellular pathways, ultimately leading to apoptosis or the specific destruction of cancer cells. Consequently, this review highlights the application of various RNases in cancer treatment, underscoring their cytotoxic properties, which are crucial for advancing research on health and therapeutic interventions.