Ecogenotoxicity of a flumioxazin-based herbicide in terrestrial plants

Flumioxazin-based herbicides are frequently used in agriculture to control broadleaf weeds attributed to their high efficacy, rapid action, and residual soil activity, making these compounds a preferred choice over other herbicides in pre-emergence weed control. Due to their beneficial properties, use of these herbicides has significantly increased in recent years, raising concerns regarding potential environmental risks. This study aimed to examine the effects of a commercial flumioxazin-based formulation on different plant models. The species <i>Lactuca sativa</i> L. <i>Raphanus sativus</i> L. <i>Pennisetum glaucum</i> L. and <i>Triticum aestivum</i> L. were used to assess the herbicide's impact on seed germination and early seedling development. In addition, the genotoxic effects of the herbicide on <i>Allium cepa</i> L. root tip cells were analyzed, including determination of mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, and the presence of micronuclei. Data demonstrated that flumioxazin-based herbicide produced significant effects on seedling development in all 4 plant models, particularly at concentrations higher than those recommended for agricultural use ( > 0.05 g/L). Differential sensitivity was observed amongst the species, with <i>T. aestivum</i> being the most sensitive, emphasizing the importance of determining effects across a variety of plant organisms. Genotoxicity responses in <i>A. cepa</i> showed effects at a dose 6-fold higher than the recommended field application amount. However, at doses within the recommended range, flumioxazin-based herbicide was considered low-risk in the terrestrial environment. Evidence indicates the need for caution in agrochemical use and emphasizes the importance of plant models in ecotoxicological studies to promote more sustainable agriculture.