Gastrointestinal parasites in pigs in Brazil: prevalence, risk factors, diagnosis, and extension activities

Brazil is a major pig-producing country with production systems that include both industrial and family farms. In these facilities, parasitic diseases present an obstacle to production. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of the gastrointestinal parasites that infect pigs as well as to provide information for producers through extension activities. Visits were made to 15 pig farms in cities in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. Fecal samples were collected, questionnaires administered, and extension activities conducted. A total of 1,148 samples were collected: 299 from family farms and 849 from industrial farms. Stool samples were subjected to direct examination, sedimentation, flotation, and FLOTAC techniques. The most frequently detected parasites were cysts and trophozoites of the Ciliophora group, non-sporulated coccidian oocysts, eggs of Trichuris suis, strongyles, Strongyloides ransomi, and Ascaris suum. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in parasite presence and egg counts, with family farms exhibiting higher parasite burdens (p < 0.0001). Several risk factors were associated with the frequency of parasite infection, including the arrangement of watering systems on the pen floors and the type-or absence-of antiparasitic medication provided. Among the extension activities implemented, the "happy pig and sad pig" activity and "homework correction" stood out. These results highlighted the need for improvements in national pig production. This includes the development of programs offering credit, assistance, and training for pig producers to aid in the control of these parasites, with a focus on production and animal welfare.