Characterization, photocatalysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of manganese oxide nanoparticles green synthesis using <i>Triticum monococcum</i> seed extract

This study presents an eco-friendly approach for the green synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnONPs) using <i>Triticum monococcum</i> (<i>T. monococcum</i>) (einkorn wheat) seed extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized MnONPs were characterized by UV-Vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, BET, and zeta potential analyses, which confirmed their crystalline nature, spherical morphology, and mesoporous structure with a surface area of 41.50 m²/g. Photocatalytic experiments showed significant degradation of Rhodamine B dye, with an efficiency of 98.50% under UV light and the synergistic influence of H₂O₂. The antimicrobial activity of MnONPs was used through the disk diffusion method to observe the sensitivity of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and MnONPs inhibited the growth of <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA and MSSA) bacteria. Antioxidant evaluations showed that MnONPs exhibited improved total oxidant and antioxidant status compared to <i>T. monococcum</i> extract, suggesting superior mitigation of oxidative stress. These results indicate that MnONPs synthesized <i>via</i> this green method are promising materials for environmental remediation and biomedical applications, particularly in oxidative stress management.