A Duality to the Birch & Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture and the Visualized Sandwich Proof to the Riemann Hypothesis

The truthfulness of the Riemann Hypothesis has struggled for a hundred of years since the 19th Century in the year 1859. However, until now, even the most mathematicians still cannot make a proof or disproof for such a hypothesis that is convincing for everyone. The most difficult part in the proof or disproof of the hypothesis is the issue of how one may determine if there are no other critical lines like x = 0.5 that contain the non-trivial zeta zeros in the Critical Strip Region 0 < x < 1. This writer first employs the method of “Proving by a Contradiction” and assume that rather than Z = Re(ξ(s = 0.5 + Iy)) = 0, there is also an additional Z = Re(ξ(s” = x” + Iy)) = 0. However, with the help of a computer software named “Mathematica” program segment code: “Plot[Evaluate[ReIm[Zeta[0.5 + I t]]], {t, 0, 30}]” which is just the line Z = Re(ξ(s”)) = 0, without any other line equal to zero. Obviously, Z = Re(ξ(s = x + Iy)) = 0 at x = 0.5 leads to a contradiction immediately with the assumption that there should be another x” not equal to 0.5 but Z = Re(ξ(s”)) = 0. This result implies that x = 0.5 is the only critical line at x = 0.5. Moreover, for all the other roots of, this writer has found an ε-δ relationship between Z = Re(ξ(s+/-δ)) = +/-εZ where s = x + Iy which is sandwiched for a convergence to the Z = 0. There is also another proof by contradiction to show that there is one and only one critical line for x = 0.5. Therefore, both of these contradictory proofs show that there is only one critical line at x = 0.5, implying that the Riemann Hypothesis must be true or the critical line x = 0.5 must contain all of the non-trivial Riemann Zeta zeros.

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Publication Details

Journal
Japan Journal of Research
Published
2025-09-01
DOI
https://doi.org/10.33425/2690-8077.1205
Primary Topic
Analytic Number Theory Research
Type
article
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article

A Duality to the Birch & Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture and the Visualized Sandwich Proof to the Riemann Hypothesis

Kai Shun Lam, Sui Lok Shun
Japan Journal of Research
Analytic Number Theory Research
article

A Duality to the Birch & Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture and the Visualized Sandwich Proof to the Riemann Hypothesis

Kai Shun Lam, Sui Lok Shun
article en

Abstract

The truthfulness of the Riemann Hypothesis has struggled for a hundred of years since the 19th Century in the year 1859. However, until now, even the most mathematicians still cannot make a proof or disproof for such a hypothesis that is convincing for everyone. The most difficult part in the proof or disproof of the hypothesis is the issue of how one may determine if there are no other critical lines like x = 0.5 that contain the non-trivial zeta zeros in the Critical Strip Region 0 < x < 1. This writer first employs the method of “Proving by a Contradiction” and assume that rather than Z = Re(ξ(s = 0.5 + Iy)) = 0, there is also an additional Z = Re(ξ(s” = x” + Iy)) = 0. However, with the help of a computer software named “Mathematica” program segment code: “Plot[Evaluate[ReIm[Zeta[0.5 + I t]]], {t, 0, 30}]” which is just the line Z = Re(ξ(s”)) = 0, without any other line equal to zero. Obviously, Z = Re(ξ(s = x + Iy)) = 0 at x = 0.5 leads to a contradiction immediately with the assumption that there should be another x” not equal to 0.5 but Z = Re(ξ(s”)) = 0. This result implies that x = 0.5 is the only critical line at x = 0.5. Moreover, for all the other roots of, this writer has found an ε-δ relationship between Z = Re(ξ(s+/-δ)) = +/-εZ where s = x + Iy which is sandwiched for a convergence to the Z = 0. There is also another proof by contradiction to show that there is one and only one critical line for x = 0.5. Therefore, both of these contradictory proofs show that there is only one critical line at x = 0.5, implying that the Riemann Hypothesis must be true or the critical line x = 0.5 must contain all of the non-trivial Riemann Zeta zeros.

Japan Journal of ResearchVol. 6(10)
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HK), International Society for Technology in Education (US), University of Hong Kong (HK)
Openalex Percentile: Top 69%
Analytic Number Theory Research
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A Duality to the Birch & Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture and the Visualized Sandwich Proof to the Riemann Hypothesis — Kai Shun Lam, Sui Lok Shun · Japan Journal of Research (2025) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS