Optimization of field-testing protocols for 5G NR and LTE networks across diverse geographies

The 5G NR and LTE networks' evolution has added unprecedented complexities in field testing since the propagation scenarios, deployment patterns, and implementation-specific modelling (beamforming, carrier aggregation, and dynamic spectrum sharing) are different. Existing field-testing frameworks are challenged by scalability, efficiency, and regional adaptability. This review examines how it is possible to optimize field-testing protocols in various geographies that include AI-enhanced orchestration, UAV-based testing environment, real-time detection of anomalies, as well as cross-layer analytics. The major technical gaps are found in latency-aware measurement, test automation, and multi-technology harmonization. The review finishes with a list of priorities to be met in the future that will enhance the coverage, efficiency, and regulatory compliance in heterogeneous deployment scenarios.