Advanced Applications of Vitamin B Complex in Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Benefits

The vitamin B complex, a group of water-soluble vitamins, is essential for various metabolic and cellular processes and critical for achieving optimal surgical outcomes in plastic and cosmetic procedures. This review examines the mechanistic contributions of this complex at the cellular level, including any roles in mitochondrial bioenergetics, redox balance, gene regulation, and cellular repair mechanisms. Niacinamide, as a precursor to NAD⁺, enhances mitochondrial efficiency and facilitates energy production, supporting tissue regeneration. Pyridoxine functions as a cofactor in neurotransmitter biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism, contributing to nerve recovery post-surgery. Furthermore, cobalamin is crucial for maintaining the myelin sheath and facilitating axonal repair, thereby ensuring neuronal integrity and minimizing nerve damage. Additionally, pantothenic acid, through its role in coenzyme A synthesis, regulates fatty acid metabolism and accelerates cellular repair, aiding in wound healing. Biotin is fundamental for keratin synthesis and follicular cell proliferation, promoting skin integrity and hair regeneration, which are vital in aesthetic and reconstructive treatments. Meanwhile, thiamine ensures a sufficient energy supply for neuronal recovery and cellular resilience through modulating carbohydrate metabolism. Thus, by integrating these cellular mechanisms, the vitamin B complex enhances tissue repair, minimizes inflammation, and improves both aesthetic and functional outcomes. Advances in precision supplementation, innovative drug delivery methods, and regenerative medicine continue to expand the therapeutic potential of B vitamins in plastic and reconstructive surgery. This comprehensive overview underscores the clinical significance of these vitamins in optimizing surgical recovery and promoting long-term tissue health.