Enhanced 5G Coverage for High-Speed Railways: an Intelligent Enhanced 5G Coverage for High-Speed Railways: An Intelligent 1+N Multi-Operator Edge Computing Architecture+\mathrm{N}$ Multi-Operator Edge Computing Architecture

This paper addresses the critical challenge of providing reliable 5 G coverage in high-speed railway environments through an innovative <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$1+\mathbf{N}$</tex> networking architecture. The proposed solution integrates train-based networks, intelligent backhaul systems, and ground infrastructure while considering multi-operator scenarios. Our architecture leverages edge computing, bandwidth aggregation, and smart routing to overcome traditional coverage limitations. Through extensive testing on China's high-speed railway network, results demonstrate coverage improvements of up to 99.9 % and potential infrastructure cost reductions of 46.4 %. This research provides a comprehensive framework for implementing 5G public network coverage in high-speed railway scenarios.