Therapeutic Targets and Treatment Improvement Through Key Oncogenic Pathways in Cancer

Many treatments for cancer have limited effectiveness and serious side effects, but it is still one of the main reasons of illness and death around the world. Because DNA abnormalities and the misregulation of signaling pathways make cancer so complicated, we need to find new therapy targets so that we can make medicines that work better and are more tailored to each person. Important cancer-causing pathways, including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, Wnt/β-catenin, and JAK/STAT pathways, help cells grow, survive, form new blood vessels, and hide from the immune system. Understanding the molecular processes that control these pathways has made it possible to create tailored treatments that stop the abnormal signals that cause cancer to spread. This study looks at the current state of therapeutic targets and how key tumor pathways are used to treat cancer. New tailored therapies, like small chemicals, monoclonal antibodies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, have shown promise in both clinical studies and everyday use. Resistance to these medicines, on the other hand, is still a big problem. Resistance mechanisms, like changes in the target gene, the start of alternative pathways, or immune escape, make treatment results more difficult and need more research. Combining genetic analysis and precision medicine makes it possible to find changes that are unique to cancer. This makes it easier to create personalized therapies that are better at beating treatment resistance. Using focused medicines along with standard treatments like radiation and chemotherapy is a new way to improve treatment effectiveness and reduce resistance.