Endovascular Interventions for Controlling Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Targeted Approach to Patient Outcomes

Introduction: Non-variceal GI bleeding is a potentially fatal condition affecting regions in the upper or lower GI tract, such as peptic ulcers, vascular malformations, malignancies, and diverticulosis. Trans-arterial embolization (TAE) has emerged as a very effective means of achieving haemorrhage control and has the advantage of being minimally invasive. This study aims to assess the effectiveness and safety of TAE as a treatment option for non-variceal GI bleeding, focusing on the clinical outcomes, rebleeding rates, and incidence of complications. Methods: The current investigation was undertaken on 30 patients with non-variceal GI bleeding. There were 53.33% upper and 46.67% lower GI bleedings reported, whose peptic ulcers accounted for 50% of the upper gastrointestinal bleeding and vascular malformation for 42.86% of the lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Results: A higher level of severe bleeding had a statistically significant positive correlation with both hypertension (p-value 0.022) and renal impairment (p-value 0.009). TAE bears an extremely high clinical success rate, with 86.67% of patients achieving hemostasis without rebleeding. So far, 86.67% have not rebleed, but 6.67% had to undergo repeat embolization, while another 6.67% of patients underwent additional surgery. The rate of complications was low, with 3.33% of patients showing mild vascular complication in the form of self-limited hematoma. Conclusions: TAE represents a safe and effective therapeutic option for patients suffering from non-variceal GI bleeding. It is effective, with higher success rates than complication risks. Meanwhile, hypertension and renal impairment was significant predictor of the bleeding severity.