Enhancing Bone Healing via Tissue Engineering: From Conceptual Frameworks to Precision Regenerative Therapies

The current review presents an in-depth exploration of tissue engineering for bone repair, integrating biology, materials science, and engineering. Tissue engineering offers promising alternatives to traditional methods for treating bone injuries, addressing limitations in healing efficacy and patient compatibility. The approach mimics natural bone structure and promotes regeneration by utilizing bioactive substances, scaffolds, stem cells, and sophisticated materials. Numerous scaffold types including polymers, ceramics, and 3D-printed designs are emphasized for their ability to give bone cells a favorable environment, improving structural and functional results. This review elucidates conventional bone repair methods and their limitations, which have spurred advancements in bioengineered solutions like uses of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and methods for delivering growth factors. Recent innovations in engineering of bone tissue using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) and biocompatible scaffolds are emphasized as transformative for regenerative medicine, potentially enabling personalized treatments. Despite challenges, including vascularization, immune responses, and scalability, ongoing research is propelling the field towards clinical viability. The review underscores the potential of tissue engineering to improve patient outcomes in orthopaedic and reconstructive surgery, with future applications anticipated in complex bone defects and personalized regenerative medicine.