Understanding the biological mechanisms and vector dynamics of Aedes aegypti in the transmission of the Dengue Virus inside the mosquito

Background: Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya viruses, has evolved a suite of biological adaptations that make it one of the most efficient vectors of human arboviruses. This review explores the anatomical, physiological, behavioral, and molecular traits that contribute to its vectorial capacity, including specialized mouthparts, sensory structures for host detection, and salivary proteins that facilitate viral transmission. The internal journey of the dengue virus through the mosquito—crossing midgut and salivary gland barriers, highlights complex host pathogen interactions shaped by immune evasion strategies. The influence of microbiota, particularly Wolbachia, on viral replication is discussed as a promising avenue for biological control. Furthermore, the review examines environmental and anthropogenic factors such as climate change, urbanization, and insecticide resistance that influence Ae. aegypti distribution and disease dynamics. It emphasizes the need for integrated vector management (IVM) approaches, incorporating genetic, ecological, and community-based strategies. By deepening our understanding of mosquito biology, this review supports the development of innovative and sustainable interventions to reduce the global burden of dengue and related diseases.