Lutein as a Multifaceted Therapeutic Agent: A Comprehensive Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence

Lutein, a prevalent dietary carotenoid found in fruits and vegetables, is a dihydroxy derivative of α-carotene characterized by two hydroxyl groups on its terminal rings that contribute to its biological activity. It is particularly vital for ocular health, offering protection against conditions such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), separation of the retina, diabetic retinopathy, and conditions affecting the lens and uvea. Often referred to as the “eye vitamin,” lutein accumulates in the retina and lens in proportion to dietary intake, underscoring its importance in visual function maintenance. Beyond its ophthalmic benefits, lutein exhibits hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects, primarily due to its potent antioxidant and inflammation-modulating properties. Additionally, it supports skin health by shielding it from ultraviolet (UV) radiation and may help lower the risk of developing skin cancer. Emerging evidence also highlights lutein’s anti-carcinogenic potential, including the inhibition of Epstein–Barr virus activation and tumor suppression in experimental models. This review explores the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting lutein’s multifaceted therapeutic value.