Preimplantation Genetic Screening in In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): A Comprehensive Review of Ethical, Clinical, and Technological Developments

Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) and Preimplantation Genetic Screening (PGS) have become indispensable tools in In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) to increase pregnancy rates and enhance embryo choice. Analyzing its application in spotting chromosomal abnormalities to reduce implantation failure, miscarriage rates, and the danger of genetic illnesses, this extensive research looks at the technological, clinical, and ethical sides of PGS. Screening techniques have developed to significantly improve accuracy and reliability from early Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) to sophisticated Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). Notwithstanding its benefits, PGS raises some ethical issues and therapeutic limitations, including the debate on genetic determinism, the influence of embryo biopsy on viability, and the likely misclassification of mosaics arising from mosaicism. Moreover, remaining challenges for many patients include PGS's cost burden and availability. As industry advances, non-invasive genetic testing, artificial intelligence-driven embryo selection, and ethical concerns are addressed, and CRIS pen-based genetic therapeutics might help improve IVF success be improved. This paper provides a reasonable evaluation of PGS's prospects, efficiency, and constraints, thereby directing its use in modern reproductive biology. This study aims to contribute to the ongoing discussion on improving IVF outcomes and ensuring ethical integrity in genetic screening by incorporating ethical problems and the most current studies.