Distribution patterns and associated health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some surface water within Ekeremor Local Government Area, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

This study examined the distribution patterns and associated health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface water (some tributaries of Bomadi and Gbotebo rivers) within Ekeremor Local Government Area, Bayelsa State. Twelve sampling points with 5 replicates were analyzed. The PAHs were analyzed with gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Results revealed that PAHs were detected only at SW1, SW3, and SW7, where concentrations ranged between 4.22 and 19.80 µg/L. The detected compounds included both low and high-molecular-weight PAHs, with notable carcinogenic species such as benzo[a]anthracene and benzo[ghi]perylene. Correlation analysis revealed complex associations among PAH groups, with strong links between high molecular weight and carcinogenic fractions. Health risk assessments indicated that both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for adults and children were below critical thresholds, suggesting minimal immediate health concerns. However, the presence of carcinogenic PAHs, coupled with the area’s proximity to oil and gas operations, highlights the potential for future contamination risks. The study recommends continuous monitoring, stricter pollution control measures, provision of alternative potable water sources, and further research on seasonal variations, sediment deposition, and bioaccumulation to safeguard ecological integrity and public health.