Timely staged hepatectomy following transarterial embolization versus emergency hepatectomy for spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma rupture

Compared with EH, SH demonstrates superior perioperative safety, characterized by less surgical trauma and lower in-hospital mortality, without increasing postoperative complications and the risk of peritoneal metastasis. Therefore, SH may be considered the preferred treatment for SR-HCC, especially in cases of hemodynamic instability or impaired hepatic functional reserve.