Carbon-Aware Bi-Level Coordination of Electric Vehicles and Distribution Networks Via Dynamic Electricity-Carbon Signals

This paper addresses the coordinated dispatch challenge of large-scale Electric Vehicles (EVs) in Active Distribution Networks (ADNs) through a bi-level low-carbon optimization framework with electro-carbon demand response (ECDR). First, EV aggregators’ schedulable capacity is characterized via Monte Carlo simulation and Minkowski summation. Second, a dynamic carbon intensity model for EV consumption is established using carbon emission flow theory, coupled with an integrated electricity-carbon market benefit model. The electricity market operator minimizes total energy costs through market clearing while announcing dynamic carbon intensities. EV aggregators then optimize bidding strategies to maximize benefits based on market outcomes and carbon factors. Case studies validate the framework’s economic and environmental effectiveness.