Thyroglossal Duct Cyst: Patterns of Presentation, Anatomical Variability, and Surgical Outcomes in a Tertiary Care Setting

Introduction: Thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC) is the most common congenital midline neck mass, arising due to the incomplete involution of the embryonic thyroglossal tract.Though frequently seen in the paediatric age group, TGDC can present at any age with varied anatomical locations and clinical features.This study aimed to analyse the age, sex distribution, anatomical variations, clinical presentation, surgical outcomes, and histopathological findings of TGDC in a defined population. Materials and Methods:This retrospective study was conducted on 15 patients with clinically and radiologically diagnosed TGDC at a tertiary care centre.Detailed history, physical examination, and imaging (ultrasound CT) were performed.All patients underwent FNAC followed by surgical excision-either the Sistrunk procedure or simple excision-based on intraoperative findings.Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis, and postoperative follow-up was done for three months. Results:The patients ranged in age from 4 to 42 years (mean SD: 18.6 10.4 years), with a male-to-female ratio of 1.5:1.Most cysts were located in the infrahyoid region (66.7%), and 86.7% showed movement with tongue protrusion.Infection was present in 20%, and sinus tracts in 13.3%.The Sistrunk procedure was performed in 80% of patients and was associated with no recurrence.One recurrence was noted following simple excision.Histopathology confirmed TGDC in all cases; ectopic thyroid tissue was found in 26.7%, with no malignancy. Conclusion: TGDC shows considerable clinical and anatomical variation.Accurate diagnosis and complete excision using the Sistrunk procedure are essential to minimize recurrence and ensure favourable outcomes.