Microporous 3D bioprinting: a novel technology for biofabrication

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting provides a rapid and efficient method for fabricating customized bioprinted tissues that replicate the complex architecture of native tissues. However, in 3D bioprinting, the need for dense biomaterial networks to ensure mechanical strength and structural fidelity often restricts the spreading, migration, and proliferation of encapsulated cells, as well as the transport of materials. This review summarizes effective strategies for manufacturing microporous bioprinted tissues via 3D bioprinting. The term “microporous” refers to interconnected, micrometer-sized pore-like structures within the internal materials of bioprinted tissues, including the microstructure of a single extruded fiber in extrusion printing. This differs from the macroscopic pore structure formed between fibers composed of print tracks or computer-aided design presets. These micropores play a crucial role in advancing biomanufacturing and 3D bioprinting by providing space for cell adhesion and proliferation while facilitating the timely transport of nutrients and metabolic waste essential for cell growth. Additionally, microporous bioprinted tissues offer the mechanical support needed for cell seeding and serve as sites for extracellular matrix deposition. As microporous 3D bioprinting continues to advance, it has the potential to address unresolved challenges in fields such as organ transplantation, tissue regeneration, and tissue replacement.