Abnormal Biochemical Parameters of Macro- and Microvascular Complications in Diabetic Patients at the Bafoussam Regional Hospital of the West Region, Cameroon

Background Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from a defect in insulin secretion and/or action. It is a global health problem. When left uncontrolled over the long term, hyperglycemia can damage many body's organs, leading to disabling and potentially fatal complications such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), nerve damage (neuropathy), kidney damage (nephropathy), and eye damage, inducing retinopathy, visual loss, and even blindness. Understanding the biochemical parameters associated with diabetic complications is important for effective management and treatment. So, in order to gain insight into the incidence of these complications in diabetic patients and contribute to their better follow-up, a study was carried out at the Bafoussam Regional Hospital with the aim of assessing abnormal biochemical parameters of macro- and microvascular complications in diabetic patients. Methodology A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2023 at the Bafoussam Regional Hospital on 113 patients of all ages. A questionnaire form was submitted to the participants, and the data from this form were analyzed. Blood samples were collected from the elbow region and used to measure biochemical parameters such as glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, creatinine, and urea. Results Participants were classified according to their specific characteristics and the circumstances of the discovery of diabetes. Around 70.8% diabetic patients had uncontrolled blood sugar levels revealed by a high glycated hemoglobin. HDL was high in 18.6% of patients, while it was low in 34.5%. Approximately 0.9% of patients had elevated LDL levels, while in 57.5% of patients, it was low. Triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were elevated in 37.2% and 11.5% of patients, respectively. The cardiovascular risk index and creatinine levels were elevated in 6.2% and 23% of patients, respectively. The multiple logistic regression model showed a significant association between glomerular filtration rate and neuropathy and retinopathy, as well as between creatinemia and nephropathy. Conclusion This study shows that poor glycemic control and longer duration of diabetes are associated with significant alterations in several biochemical parameters, which in turn are linked to an increased risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications.