Spectral and Temporal Auditory Processing Skills in Children with a History of Speech and Language Delay

<b>Background:</b> The spectral and temporal components of the acoustic signal are processed in the central auditory system and contribute to speech and language processing.<b>Purpose:</b> This study aimed to assess the spectral and temporal auditory processing skills in children with a history of speech and language delay in early childhood.<b>Research Design:</b> The following tests were conducted to address our purpose: frequency following response test, temporal modulation transfer function test, spectral temporally modulated ripple test, and speech intelligibility in noise test.<b>Study Sample:</b> Thirty children aged 7-12 years with a history of speech and language delay in early childhood who caught up with their typically developing peers in middle childhood comprised the test group, and 30 children aged 7-12 years with typical development were included as the control group. Age- and sex-matched groups had typical hearing (audiometric thresholds between 125 Hz and 8 kHz ≤20-dB HL) without middle-ear pathology.<b>Data Collection and Analysis:</b> All tests were performed in a soundproof room, in a controlled environment, in accordance with established protocols and with the cooperation of the children. Shapiro-Wilk (n < 50) and skewness-kurtosis tests were used to determine whether continuous measurements were normally distributed. In the statistical analysis of normally distributed data, an independent <i>t</i> test was used to compare the measurement values according to categorical groups and the Pearson correlation test was used to determine the correlations between the measurement values.<b>Results:</b> The test group scored significantly lower than the control group on the temporal modulation transfer function test, spectral temporal modulation ripple test, and speech intelligibility in noise test (p < 0.05). When the onset, transient, sustained, and offset responses that constitute the frequency following response were analyzed, it was found that there were delays in the onset and offset responses in the test group compared to the control group (p < 0.05).<b>Conclusions:</b> The results suggest that children with a history of speech and language delay in early childhood may have difficulties with auditory processing skills compared to their peers, even if they catch up with their typically developing peers in speech and language skills in middle childhood. Therefore, it is also critical to perform an auditory processing assessment in addition to speech and language assessment.