Toxicities in exotic animal practice

Background : There is limited research on toxin risks in exotic animals compared to dogs and cats. Toxins may be inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through contact, with ingestion being most common – except in birds, where inhaled toxins are a major concern. Risk varies by environment, with free‐range animals and indoor birds (especially those near kitchens) being more vulnerable due to increased exposure. Enclosed housing reduces this risk. Aim of the article : This article reviews common toxins and toxicities seen in exotic animals, based on clinical cases and author received case advice. While not exhaustive, it includes general treatment guidance and specific antidotes where relevant.