Herbal Remedies for Diabetes: Insights from Indian Medicinal Plants

Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic and, in some cases, autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from either inadequate insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or a combination of both. The condition is associated with a wide range of clinical symptoms such as excessive thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), and increased hunger (polyphagia), which, if left unmanaged, can lead to severe complications affecting the kidneys, eyes, nerves, and cardiovascular system. Current management strategies primarily rely on insulin therapy and various classes of oral hypoglycemic agents. While these approaches are effective, their long-term use may present limitations, including side effects, high cost, and limited accessibility, particularly in low-resource settings. In parallel with conventional medicine, the use of traditional medicinal plants has gained renewed attention due to their cultural acceptance, affordability, and relatively fewer adverse effects. Over centuries, Indian traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda have documented a wide variety of herbal remedies with antidiabetic potential. Phytochemicals present in these plants, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polyphenols, are believed to exert hypoglycemic effects through mechanisms such as enhancing insulin secretion, improving glucose uptake, and protecting pancreatic β-cells. Given the alarming global rise in diabetes prevalence, especially in rapidly urbanizing regions, exploring and validating plant-based alternatives is of significant importance. The present review consolidates information on 130 medicinal plants traditionally utilized in the management of diabetes. Highlighting these herbal resources may provide valuable insights for developing safer, cost-effective, and sustainable therapeutic options to complement modern diabetes care