The physical and chemical properties of some types of bee honey produced in New Valley Governorate, Egypt

These studies aimed to determine the physical and chemical properties of some types of bee honey produced in New Valley Governorate, Egypt. Four types of honey were collected from some apiaries in different regions from New Valley Governorate Egypt belong to five floral plants [Clover (Trifolium alexandrium), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), tamarisk (Tamarix aphylla), acacia (Acacia arabica) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis)] during the 2023-2024 seasons. The findings indicate that while minor variations exist among the tested honey samples, no statistically significant differences were observed in key parameters, affirming the consistency and quality of the honeys. The viscosity of the tested honeys ranged between 66.67 to 75 Poise, specific gravity values (1.410 to 1.420) were within acceptable quality standards, electrical conductivity varied among the samples indicative of mineral composition. However, all samples met the European honey quality standards. Total soluble solids (TSS) ranged between 82% to 82.16%, signifying high sugar content and minimal water activity. Moisture content varied between 17.66% and 18%, staying within international quality standards (<20%). Total acidity, free acidity, and lactone levels were consistent across the samples, with values ranging within globally reported standards. pH values (3.733 to 4.19) were within the optimal range for honey, influencing its antimicrobial properties and storage stability. Fructose and glucose were the dominant sugars in the tested honeys, with fructose levels ranging from 39.83% to 40.83% and glucose between 29.70% to 32.86%, confirming their natural carbohydrate profile. Sucrose content ranged from 2.133% to 5.133%. All samples remained within the permissible quality limits, ensuring authenticity. Maltose content showed slight differences among the honey types, with levels between 3.566% and 7.73%, reflecting enzymatic activity during honey production.