The burden of infections caused by Metallo-Beta-LactamaseProducing Enterobacterales in Italy: epidemiology, outcomes, and management

Metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing Enterobacterales represent a growing public health threat due to their intrinsic resistance to several antibiotics. In Italy, the burden of infections caused by these organisms has been steadily increasing. In recent years, MBL-producing <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, particularly those carrying New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) enzyme, have emerged across multiple Italian regions, frequently associated with high-risk clones such as ST147. These infections are associated with high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. While advances in diagnostic techniques have improved the detection of MBLs, underreporting and heterogeneous practices are common. Therapeutic options remain limited. The rising incidence and clinical complexity of MBL-producing Enterobacterales in Italy underscore the urgent need for coordinated actions to improve surveillance, diagnostics, infection control, and optimize antimicrobial stewardship. The development of novel therapeutic agents and the implementation of strategies for managing MBLs are crucial to reduce their clinical and public health impact. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current epidemiology, clinical outcomes, and management challenges of infections caused by MBL-producing Enterobacterales in Italy.