Prescribed Burning Enhances the Stability of Soil Bacterial Co-Occurrence Networks in Pinus yunnanensis Forests in Central Yunnan Province, China

Prescribed burning significantly influences the microbial communities and physicochemical characteristics of forest soils. However, studies on the impacts of prescribed burning on the stability of soil microbial co-occurrence networks, as well as on the combined effects of post-fire soil depth gradients and their interactions on soil physicochemical properties and microbial communities, remain poorly understood. This study was conducted in a subtropical <i>Pinus yunnanensis</i> plantation that has undergone annual prescribed burns since 2007. Using 16S and ITS rRNA gene sequencing techniques alongside analyses of soil physicochemical properties, we collected and examined soil samples from different depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, and 10-20 cm) in June 2024. The study found that prescribed burning enhanced the complexity and stability of bacterial co-occurrence networks, boosting both the diversity (prescribed burning/unburned control: 3/1) and the abundance (prescribed burning/unburned control: 8/2) of key taxa, which were essential for maintaining bacterial community network stability. However, it also intensified competitive interactions (prescribed burning/unburned control: 0.3162/0.0262) within the community. Moreover, prescribed burning had a significant effect on the diversity, structure, and composition of microbial communities and the physicochemical properties in the 0-5 cm soil layer, while also showing notable effects in the 5-20 cm layer. Prescribed burning also enhanced the coupling between the soil environment and bacterial community composition. The bacterial community showed negative correlations with most physicochemical properties. Soil organic matter (SOM) (<i>p</i> = 0.002) and available potassium (AK) (<i>p</i> = 0.042) were identified as key determinants shaping the post-fire bacterial community structure. The relationship between physicochemical parameters and fungal community composition was weaker. Urease (UE) (<i>p</i> = 0.036) and total potassium (TK) (<i>p</i> = 0.001) emerged as two key factors influencing the composition of post-fire fungal communities. These results elucidate the distinct functional roles of bacteria and fungi in post-fire ecosystem recovery, emphasizing their contributions to maintaining the stability and functionality of microbial communities. The study provides valuable insights for refining prescribed burning management strategies to promote sustainable forest ecosystem recovery.