Anti-inflammatory effect of the aqueous extracts of leaves and stem of <i>Nelsonia canescens</i> on induced Oedema in wistar rats

Inflammation is a critical physiological response to tissue injury or infection, often associated with pain, swelling, and redness. Despite the availability of synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs, their long-term use is frequently accompanied by adverse effects, necessitating the exploration of safer, plant-based alternatives. Nelsonia canescens, a herb with traditional medicinal applications in inflammatory conditions, has drawn scientific interest for its therapeutic potential. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition, anti-inflammatory activity, and hematological and histological effects of Nelsonia canescens leaf and stem extracts. The extracts were prepared using a cold maceration method, and their phytochemical profiles were analyzed, confirming the presence of significant phytochemicals, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins, which are known for their therapeutic properties. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in adult Wistar rats through a carrageenan-induced paw edema model, where various doses of the aqueous extracts (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) were administered and compared to a standard anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg). The results showed a significant, dose-dependent reduction in paw edema, with the aqueous leaf extract exhibiting higher activity compared to the stem extract, particularly at higher doses. Furthermore, hematological assessments revealed no significant alterations in white blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentrations, or platelet counts, suggesting that the extracts do not adversely affect blood parameters. These findings shows the potential of Nelsonia canescens leaf extract as a natural anti-inflammatory agent, providing a scientific basis for its traditional use in treating inflammatory conditions, while emphasizing its safety profile and efficacy in reducing inflammation.