Examining Regulatory Pathways That Enable and Constrain Urine Recycling

Today’s linear nutrient flows are rooted in a long history of agronomic and wastewater engineering strategies that have created cascading environmental, social, and economic side effects, signaling the need for more holistic and circular approaches. Our examination of the regulatory pathways that enable and constrain urine recycling—an underutilized approach to repurposing human waste as fertilizer—addresses a persistent research gap related to the mainstreaming of transformative technologies. Framed around policy process theories—Street Level Bureaucracy and Multiple Streams Theory—our methods include a review and mapping of 54 regulatory documents; action research where we reflect on our own efforts to expand urine recycling; and interviews with 16 practitioners and regulators in four states which, to our knowledge, are the only places in the US with efforts to scale up urine recycling in community settings. Given its circular nature, a key challenge we find is a lack of clarity around which sectors, or what scales of government, “own” the decision to allow the collection and use of urine as a fertilizer. Working around these challenges, we show how practitioners use many practical strategies to simplify the approval process and reduce the risk aversion regulators face when confronted with ambiguous rulemaking.