Sustainability analysis of RP-UPLC for detecting antidiabetic traces in wastewater: a focus on six sigma

Pharmaceutical residues, including antidiabetic compounds, are increasingly detected in wastewater, raising environmental and public health concerns. RP-UPLC offers high sensitivity and efficiency for detecting these contaminants. However, its environmental impact and quality control require further evaluation. This study applies Six Sigma principles to enhance the analytical performance and sustainability of RP-UPLC in detecting three antidiabetic agents: empagliflozin (EMG), dapagliflozin (DGF), and metformin (MTF). The method utilizes a UPLC BEH C18 column (0.21 cm × 5 cm, 1.7 µm), with a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min, 0.8 µL injection volume, 25°C column temperature, and 255 nm detection wavelength. An isocratic mobile phase of phosphate buffer and ethanol (75:25, pH 4.6) was employed. Six Sigma tools were used to optimize sensitivity, reproducibility, and environmental impact. The refined RP-UPLC method achieved high detection accuracy while reducing waste and resource use. This study demonstrates how Six Sigma can complement advanced chromatographic techniques to improve the reliability and sustainability of environmental monitoring. The findings support eco-conscious strategies for addressing pharmaceutical pollution in wastewater, contributing to more effective and responsible analytical practices.