Global patterns of gully occurrence and their sensitivity to environmental changes

Gully formation is a significant driver of soil erosion and land degradation worldwide and often leads to important downstream impacts. Nonetheless, our understanding of the global patterns and the factors controlling this process remains limited. Here, we present the first global assessment of gully density's spatial patterns. Using mapped observations from over 17,000 representative study sites worldwide, we trained random forest models that simulate both the susceptibility to gullying at a 1 km 2 resolution and the corresponding gully head density (GHD). Through an interpretable machine learning framework, we demonstrate that global GHD patterns result from a combination of environmental factors with non-linear interactions, leading to significant regional variations in the dominant factors controlling GHD. We distinguish between gully hotspots driven primarily by natural factors such as topography, geomorphology, tectonics, pedology or climate and those where land use and land cover play a dominant role. Based on these insights, we identified critical global areas of gully erosion, i.e., hotspots where gully occurrence is likely highly sensitive to anthropogenic drivers. These include the Chinese Loess Plateau, the Ethiopian Highlands, and large parts of the Mediterranean and Sahel regions. Also desert regions are often characterized by high GHDs. However, in these cases, their occurrence is mainly driven by natural factors. The insights we provide are valuable to inform land management and targeted erosion mitigation strategies.