Advanced nanostructured biomaterials for accelerated wound healing: insights into biological interactions and therapeutic innovations: a comprehensive review

The wound healing process involves a delicate balance of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, exemplifying the human body’s remarkable design. However, chronic wounds disrupt this balance and pose significant clinical challenges that traditional treatments struggle to address. Nanotechnology offers hopeful solutions for wound care through a diverse array of organic and inorganic-based nanomaterials, such as natural polymeric nanomaterial macromolecules (polysaccharide, protein, and peptide nanostructures), synthetic polymer-based nanomaterials, metallic nanoparticles, ceramic, and carbon-based nanostructures. These materials enhance wound healing in various ways, including antimicrobial properties that combat infection, targeted drug delivery to the wound site, immunomodulation, promotion of angiogenesis, and influencing cellular behavior to aid tissue regeneration. While many nanostructures hold potential for wound healing applications, certain materials garner particular interest due to their inherent properties and ease of production. Further research is needed to address cytotoxicity concerns, establish optimal dosing, and ensure clinical efficacy before these promising strategies can be translated from preclinical success to real-world clinical use. This review explores the mechanisms and advantages of nanomaterials in wound care while acknowledging the need for continued investigation.